Ijtihad
An article from Wikipedia.
The Principle of Ijtihad in Islam
An account of the concept from a Shia perspective.
The Development of Ijtihad and Islamic Reform, 1750-1850
An academic paper (by Knut S Vikør, University of Bergen) analyses the use of the concept by reforming thinkers in the 19th century.
Ijtihad :: Reinterpreting Islamic Principles for the Twenty-first Century
Report of a conference in 2004 sponsored by the United States Institute of Peace and the Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy entitled "Ijtihad: Reinterpreting Islamic Principles for the Twenty-first Century."
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